Mandates
In the research community, a "mandate" refers to guidelines or requirements set by a governing body, funding agency, or other organization stipulating how research should be conducted, disseminated, or made accessible. These mandates are designed to ensure that research practices align with goals such as ethical standards, transparency, and public accessibility.
Types of Mandates
There are different types of mandates, each with its specific focus and requirements:
Public Access
When referring to scholarly research, public access refers to the practice of making scholarly works, such as journal articles and datasets, freely available to the public. This approach contrasts the traditional scholarly publishing model, where access to research is restricted to subscribers or paid viewers of scholarly journals.
Public Access vs. Open Access
Public Access and Open Access are closely related, but they have different accessibility and reuse rights. Typically:
A public access mandate typically requires research be made available for free to the public, but it does not necessary require the public to be able to freely reuse the work.
An open access mandate typically goes a step further, requiring that research be freely accessible to the public and allowing the public to reuse or redistribute, generally under certain conditions.
While both mandates make research free to access, open access mandates allow more freedom in how that research can be used.
Examples of Public Access Mandates
NIH Public Access Policy: This policy mandates that all research funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) must be submitted to the PubMed Central database and made publicly accessible no later than 12 months after publication. The reuse and redistribution rights vary from publication to publication.
Tri-Agency Policy on Publications: This policy mandates that all peer-reviewed journal publications arising from NSERC, SSHRC, or CIHR-funded research be made publicly accessible within 12 months of publication. Similar to the NIH policy, this mandate focuses on public access to the research rather than reuse rights.
Examples of Open Access Mandates
Wellcome Trust's Open Access Policy: This policy mandates that all research outputs funded by them must be made available open access. The Trust requires that the outputs be deposited in PubMed Central or Europe PubMed Central, with a Creative Commons license allowing for reuse and redistribution.
Plan S: This policy, created by cOAlition S, a group of national research agencies and funders from several European countries, mandates that from 2021, publications resulting from research funded by public grants must be published in open access journals or platforms and the articles must be made immediately available with a license that permits unrestricted reuse, such as a Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY).
Funder Mandates
Funder Mandates are mandates issued by the governing body, funding agency, or other organization, that is funding a research project. These mandates usually have specific requirements that researchers must follow in order to receive funding. These mandates are usually public or open access mandates, dictating how research outputs should be shared.
Examples of Funder Mandates
NIH Public Access Policy: This policy mandates that all research funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) must be submitted to the PubMed Central database and made publicly accessible no later than 12 months after publication.
National Science Foundation (NSF) Public Access Policy: The NSF requires that all published research articles and accompanying data funded by the NSF be made available in a designated public access repository.
European Research Council (ERC) Open Access Guidelines: The ERC mandates open access to all peer-reviewed publications of ERC-funded research.
Complying with Mandates
Funding agencies are increasingly focused on maximizing the impact and accessibility of the research they sponsor. This often involves mandates for making research and its supporting data freely available to the public. Here are some actions researchers can follow to ensure they understand and comply with these mandates:
Check Requirements
Select Repositories
Comply with Policies
Data Sharing Mandates